Inappetence in Dogs

Inappetence in dogs is the decreased or complete loss of appetite in food. It is technically called anorexia. While appetite is controlled in the mind, hunger is physically driven.

When a dog is inappetent, it could be a true anorexia or pseodo-anorexia wherein the dog is hungry and wants to eat but could not do so due to difficulties in getting food or pain associated with eating.

Regardless, inappetence can be a symptom of various underlying health issues or can result from environmental factors. Increased appetite is a sign of hunger.

Causes of Dog Inappetence

As mentioned, inappetence in dogs can be true or false depending on the cause. Chronic inappetence however is multifactorial.

Illness or Pain

Dogs may lose their appetite when they are unwell or in pain. Various organ system dysfunction or systemic diseases affect appetite.

Stress or Anxiety

Changes in the environment, routine, or the presence of new people or animals can cause stress or anxiety in dogs, leading to a decreased appetite. Sometimes, competition and aggressiveness of other dogs towards food could also lead to decreased food intake of other dogs.

Digestive Issues

Problems with the digestive system, such as nausea, vomiting, can make dogs reluctant to eat. Inflammatory bowel disease, gastritis, or other gastrointestinal disorders such as blockages or cancer can also contribute to inappetence.

Dental Problems

Pain or discomfort in the mouth due to dental issues, such as tooth decay or gum disease, can make eating painful for dogs. Inflammation in the oral cavity such as stomatitis, gingivitis, esophagitis and other tissues of the mouth and throat can lead to inappetence due to pain in chewing or swallowing.

Medication Side Effects

Some medications such as chemotherapeutic agents may have side effects that include a loss of appetite. If your dog is on medication and shows signs of inappetence, consult your veterinarian.

Age-related Changes

Older dogs may experience a decline in appetite due to aging. Dental problems, reduced activity levels, and changes in metabolism can contribute to a decreased interest in food.

Signs of Decreased Appetite

Signs of decreased appetite in dogs can vary depending on the underlying cause and the individual dog's behavior. Some common signs include:

• Refusal to Eat
• Lack of Interest in Food
• Picky Eating
• Changes in Eating Habits
• Weight Loss
• Lethargy
• Vomiting or Diarrhea
• Changes in Behavior

It's important to note that a temporary decrease in appetite can occur for various reasons, such as stress or a minor stomach upset. However, persistent or severe inappetence, especially when accompanied by other concerning symptoms, should prompt a visit to the veterinarian for a thorough examination and appropriate diagnostic tests. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause is crucial to ensuring the overall health and well-being of the dog.

The CBD Oil

CBD, or cannabidiol, is a non-psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant. It is one of over a hundred different cannabinoids present in cannabis. CBD has gained popularity for its potential therapeutic effects, and it is commonly used in various forms, including CBD oil.

CBD Oil Production

CBD oil is a concentrated liquid extract derived from the cannabis plant, typically the hemp variety, which contains high levels of CBD and low levels of psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

The extraction process usually involves using parts of the hemp plant, such as the flowers, leaves, stalk and seed and extracting the CBD using methods like CO2 extraction, ethanol extraction, isopropyl extraction, and lipid infusion.

The extracted oil is then added with carrier oil, added with flavors, placed in packages and tested in a third-party laboratory before releasing in the market. 

It's important to note that while many animal studies report positive results with CBD, individual responses can vary, and the scientific understanding of its effects is still evolving. If considering CBD for medical purposes, it's highly recommended to consult with a veterinarian for guidance based on individual needs and conditions of your dog.

Uses of CBD Oil for Dogs

CBD oil is increasingly being used for dogs, and many pet owners claim to observe positive effects. However, it's essential to approach the use of CBD for dogs with caution and under the guidance of a veterinarian. Some reported uses of CBD oil for dogs include:

Appetite Stimulation

In cases where a dog has a decreased appetite due to illness or other factors, CBD stimulates the dog’s appetite and addresses predisposing factors to inappetence.

Anxiety and Stress Reduction

CBD helps to calm anxious or stressed dogs (Hunt, et al, 2023). This may be useful in situations such as the presence of strangers (humans and other animals), separation anxiety, travel, or exposure to loud noises.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

CBD has anti-inflammatory properties, and it may help reduce inflammation associated with conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and painful arthritis.

Nausea and Vomiting

CBD may have antiemetic properties (Parker, Rock, and Limebeer, 2011) , making it a consideration for managing nausea and vomiting in dogs, especially those undergoing chemotherapy or with gastrointestinal issues.

Pain Management

CBD is believed to have analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. It may be used in dogs to help manage chronic pain associated with conditions such as arthritis, hip dysplasia, or injuries.

Support for Aging Dogs

Senior dogs may experience joint pain, reduced mobility, and other age-related issues such as deterioration of senses and metabolism. CBD is sometimes used to provide support and improve the overall quality of life for older dogs.

Seizure Management

CBD may have anticonvulsant effects, making it potentially beneficial for dogs with epilepsy or seizure disorders (Fonseca, et al, 2022). Kube et al  (2022) found that 2 mg/kg every 12 h of a CBD/CBDA-rich hemp extract used concurrently with other Anti-Seizure Medications (ASM) can reduce the incidence of epileptic seizures up to 50% in dogs with refractory epilepsy. However, more research is needed in this area.

Skin Conditions

CBD's anti-inflammatory properties may be beneficial for dogs with skin conditions such as allergies or dermatitis.

It's crucial to note that while many anecdotal reports suggest positive outcomes, the scientific evidence supporting the use of CBD in dogs is still limited, and more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy. Additionally, not all dogs may respond the same way to CBD, and individual reactions can vary.

If you are considering using CBD oil for your dog, it's important to consult with your veterinarian first. They can provide guidance on the appropriate dosage, potential interactions with other medications (if there’s any ongoing medication), and monitor your dog's response to the treatment.

Additionally, it's recommended to use high-quality CBD products specifically formulated for pets such as Paw Origins Cbd Full-Spectrum (1,000mg) Happy-Furever™ Oil, as some human CBD products may contain ingredients that are not safe for dogs.

The Endocannabinoid System in Dogs

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a ubiquitous major lipid system in the body providing homeostatic balance of the nervous and immune system, and different organ systems.

Key components of the endocannabinoid system include:

• Endocannabinoids
• Receptors
• Enzymes

ECS was discovered secondary to the discovery of the structure of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It was later found that the non-psychotropic cannabinoids and other components have comparable biomedical activity to that of THC without the unwanted side-effect of intoxication (Silver, 2019). The ECS is present in all vertebrate species, including humans and dogs.

The modulation of the endocannabinoid system has therapeutic potential. Studies show that the ECS modulates the body with a complex system signaling molecules to:

• promote appetite and healthy digestive processes
• support immunity
• relieve pain and inflammation
• improve mood, memory and neurologic function
• regulate sleep
• support reproduction
• improve stability and gait

Losing homeostatic balance in ECS could lead to several health issues. The use of phytocannabinoids mimicking the effects of endocannabinoids promotes dog wellness (Varadharaj, 2020).

CBD For Appetite Improvement

Currently, there is still no concrete conclusion as to how CBD increases appetite in dogs. However, some human scientific studies show that CBD increased appetite as a side effect  to epileptic patients given with CBD (Corroon and Phillips, 2018; Iffland and Grotenhermen, 2018; Hussain et al, 2015).

While some believe that CBD (cannabidiol) may help improve appetite in certain situations, the evidence supporting this claim is still limited, and more research is needed to draw definitive conclusions. The relationship between CBD and appetite is complex, and the effects can vary among individuals.

Here are a few ways in which CBD may be associated with appetite improvement:

Increased production of Anandamide

CBD signals the ECS to produce more anandamide, a naturally produced endocannabinoid (Hua et al, 2023) which has a similar molecular structure to THC, and as such, it can bind to CB1 receptors in the brain leading to an increase in appetite.

Increased production of Dopamine

CBD boosts dopamine production (Hemraj, 2023) by reducing stress and optimizing the activity of neurotransmitter receptors that influence various biological and neurological processes in the dog. Dopamine causes greater pleasure from eating.

Acting on Serotonin receptors

CBD regulates mood and appetite by acting on serotonin receptors. You might have heard of “stress eating”. This is because mood affects appetite. Sadness and anxiety may cause loss of appetite or an increase in the need for comfort foods.

Nausea Reduction

CBD has been studied for its potential antiemetic (anti-nausea) properties. If nausea or digestive issues are contributing to a decreased appetite, alleviating these symptoms with CBD might indirectly support appetite improvement. Conventional anti-emetic drugs in the market can’t promote appetite while cannabis medicines can do both (Backes, 2014).

Modulation of Ghrelin Levels

Ghrelin is a hormone known as the "hunger hormone" because it stimulates appetite. THC stimulates the production of ghrelin.

Stress and Anxiety Reduction

Anxiety and stress can negatively impact appetite. Some studies suggest that CBD may have anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects, and by reducing stress, it could indirectly contribute to improved appetite.

It's important to note that while there is some promising preclinical and anecdotal evidence, clinical studies are limited, and results have been mixed. Additionally, the effects of CBD can vary depending on factors such as dosage, individual response, and the specific condition being addressed.

It's also important to choose high-quality CBD products from reputable sources such as Paw Origins CBD Full-Spectrum (1,000mg) Happy-Furever™ Oil,. CBD products should be labeled accurately, and third-party testing can help ensure their potency and purity. Keep in mind that the regulatory landscape for CBD products can vary, so be aware of the legal status of CBD in your region.

How To Give Your Dog CBD

If you're considering giving your dog CBD (cannabidiol), it's important to do so responsibly and under the guidance of a veterinarian. Here are some general guidelines on how to give CBD to your dog:

Consult with Your Veterinarian

Before giving your dog CBD, consult with your veterinarian. Since they know the medical history of your dog, they can provide guidance on whether CBD is appropriate for your dog's specific condition, recommend an appropriate dosage, and offer advice on potential interactions with other medications.

Choose High-Quality CBD Products for Pets

Select CBD products specifically formulated for dogs or pets. These products are often available in the form of CBD oil, capsules, treats, or chews. Look for products from reputable manufacturers that provide information on the CBD content and have undergone third-party testing for quality and purity and results should be posted in their official website.

Start with a Low Dosage

Begin with a low dosage and gradually increase it if necessary. The appropriate dosage can vary based on factors such as your dog's size, weight, and the specific condition being addressed. Your veterinarian can help determine the right dosage for your dog. It is also important to follow proper dosing because each product has different concentrations.

Use CBD Oil Under the Tongue (Sublingual)

If you're using CBD oil, one common method is to administer it sublingually (under the tongue). Lift your dog's lip and place the recommended dose of CBD oil directly under the tongue or along the gum line. This allows for faster absorption into the bloodstream.

Mix with Food or Treats

Another option is to mix the CBD oil with your dog's food or treats. Ensure that the entire dose is consumed to achieve the desired effect. This method may take longer for the effects to be noticeable compared to sublingual administration.

Use CBD Treats or Chews

Many companies produce CBD-infused treats or chews designed specifically for dogs. These products can be a convenient way to administer CBD, especially if your dog enjoys treats. Follow the recommended dosage guidelines on the product packaging.

Monitor Your Dog's Response

Pay close attention to your dog's behavior and overall well-being after administering CBD. If you notice any adverse effects or if there's no improvement in the desired condition, consult with your veterinarian to adjust the dosage or explore alternative options.

Be Consistent

Consistency is the key. If you decide to use CBD for your dog, administer it regularly as recommended by your veterinarian. The effects of CBD may take time to become noticeable, so patience is important.

Remember that individual dogs may respond differently to CBD, and it's crucial to tailor the approach to your specific dog's needs. Additionally, always store CBD products safely, out of reach of pets, and follow any specific instructions provided by the product manufacturer.